Ovarian cancer is one of the most serious cancers affecting women, often called a “silent killer” because it’s usually diagnosed at a later stage. Many people know that smoking can lead to lung cancer, but fewer realise that it may also affect the ovaries. So, does smoking cause ovarian cancer? Let’s look at what research says.
Understanding Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer begins in the ovaries — the reproductive glands that produce eggs and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. There are several types of ovarian cancer, with epithelial ovarian cancer being the most common. Because symptoms like bloating, abdominal pain, and fatigue can mimic other conditions, ovarian cancer is often detected late.
The Link Between Smoking and Ovarian Cancer
According to studies from the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the American Cancer Society (ACS), smoking is linked to a higher risk of certain types of ovarian cancer, particularly mucinous ovarian cancer.
Smoking introduces harmful chemicals into the body that can damage DNA and lead to abnormal cell growth. These effects are not limited to the lungs — they can impact various organs, including reproductive tissues.
While smoking is not considered the leading cause of ovarian cancer, it is a significant risk factor that increases the likelihood of developing specific subtypes.
What Research Shows
- A major study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute found that women who smoke are about twice as likely to develop mucinous ovarian tumours compared to non-smokers.
- The risk appears to rise with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the length of time a person has been smoking.
- The good news? Research also shows that quitting smoking gradually reduces this risk over time.
Other Risk Factors to Consider
Ovarian cancer doesn’t have one single cause. It’s influenced by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and lifestyle factors, such as:
- Family history of ovarian or breast cancer
- BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations
- Endometriosis
- Never having been pregnant.
- Older age (most cases occur after menopause)
- Obesity and certain hormone therapies
Smoking adds another layer of risk, especially when combined with these other factors.
How Smoking Affects the Ovaries
Cigarette smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, many of which are carcinogenic. These toxins travel through the bloodstream and can reach the ovaries, where they may:
- Damage ovarian cells and DNA
- Alter hormone levels, especially estrogen
- Affects ovulation and overall reproductive health
These changes can contribute to the development of abnormal cells that may lead to cancer over time.
Can Quitting Smoking Lower the Risk?
Yes — quitting smoking reduces the risk not only for ovarian cancer but for many other cancers and chronic diseases. The body begins to repair itself soon after you quit:
- Within weeks, circulation improves.
- Within months, lung function increases.
- Within years, cancer risk begins to drop closer to that of non-smokers.
Even if you’ve smoked for many years, it’s never too late to quit and make a positive impact on your health.
Protecting Your Ovarian Health
Besides quitting smoking, you can take other steps to lower your ovarian cancer risk:
- Maintain a healthy weight through a balanced diet and exercise.
- Discuss your family history and possible genetic testing with your doctor.
- Schedule regular check-ups and report persistent symptoms early.
- Consider protective factors like birth control pills (under medical advice), which may reduce ovarian cancer risk.
Final Thoughts
So, does smoking cause ovarian cancer?
Smoking is not the only cause, but it does increase the risk, especially for mucinous ovarian cancer. The toxins in cigarettes can harm ovarian cells and disrupt hormonal balance, which may contribute to cancer development.
Quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and being aware of family history are some of the most powerful steps women can take to protect their reproductive health and reduce their overall cancer risk.